The Fall of Constantinople essays

The Fall of Constantinople essays During the fifteenth century, the crusades had spent their force. Even though they were originally started to turn away Muslim armies and unite Christendom the exact opposite occurred. Constantinople fell in 1453 before Turkish Muslim conquerors. It was renamed Istanbul and turned into the seat of the Ottoman Empire. When Mehmed II was twenty-one he decided to sign a treaty with the Hungarians and the Venetians. He knew that these were temporary measures, which gave freedom for movement for a small amount of time. After a successful expedition against his adversary Ibrahim the Emir of Karamania, his plans were postponed. He returned to his capital, Hadrianople, in May 1451, where he began his great project. First he wanted to isolate the Byzantine capital. During the winter of 1451 he began recruiting builders that were familiar with the military, who would be able to build a great fortress on the Bosporus. The construction began in mid April of 1452. It was known as the Rumeli Hisar. This new fortress complimented the one on the Anatolian shore. This shows that the Sultan was the master of the straits. Because of this all ships entering the Black Sea had to pay tolls. If they declined they would be sank. Towards the end of 1452 Venetian ship tried, and was sunken by and the crew of thirty was taken prisoner. This let the Venetian and Genoese governments know that conflict was soon to break. Constantinople was beginning at any moment. There was very little help and under the command of Giovanni Giustiniani Longo, nearly 700 armed men sailed on two Genoese vessels headed for the Byzantine capital. The ships arrived on January 29, 1453, and Giustiniani was chosen head of defense by the emperor. Four hundred men were enlisted for Genoa and the other three hundred were held on the island of Chios. He composed the largest Western deputation. Venice also allowed the emperor to recruit Creta...

3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension

3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension 3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension 3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, the statement’s wording or syntax problematically interferes with reader comprehension. Discussion and revision of each example points the way to a clear solution. 1. He exchanged greetings with leaders from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. This sentence implies that Afghanistan and Zimbabwe are names of leaders, because the writer is trying to use from both on its own and as part of a â€Å"from . . . to† range. For the statement to make sense, the category of which the two names are examples must be specified, preceded by a preposition linking leaders with that word: â€Å"He exchanged greetings with leaders of countries ranging from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe.† 2. Focusing on H1-B visa reform has caught the technology industry’s attention, which has long argued that it must attract the best and most qualified workers to compete in the global marketplace.   Here, the attention of the technology industry, rather than the industry itself, is said to have argued a proposition. To properly identify who or what is doing the arguing, that entity must be mentioned immediately before the subordinate clause, as shown here: â€Å"Focusing on H1-B visa reform has caught the attention of the technology industry, which has long argued that it must attract the best and most qualified workers to compete in the global marketplace.† 3. Companies should follow a common privacy framework such as the federal Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Privacy and Security Framework for Electronic Exchange of Individually Identifiable Health Information. Take care not to overwhelm the reader with excessively long, complex strings of words in proper names. Here, a standard developed by a federal agency is treated as if the agency’s name is part of the standard’s designation. A simple (but scarcely more effective) solution is to use the possessive form of the agency’s name. Better yet, treat the connection of the agency’s name to the standard as a subordinate clause: â€Å"Companies should follow a common privacy framework such as the Privacy and Security Framework for Electronic Exchange of Individually Identifiable Health Information, a standard developed by the federal Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Precedent vs. PrecedenceFew vs. Several

Strategic Management and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Management and Leadership - Essay Example The major European countries where General Motors has strong sales network are Britain, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Turkey, France, Spain and Ukraine. Chevrolet, Cadillac, GM Daewoo, Buick, â€Å"Opel, Vauxhall and Saab (Europe), Saturn, Hummer, Pontiac, Wuling and Holden are among the major brands that Company is offering to its clients. In Europe, GM has been offering Saab in Sweden, whereas it offers Opel and Vauxhall brands in France, Germany, Italy, Great Britain and others. It must be highlighted that GM planned to sell its European Operations because of huge losses it incurred due to uncertain business conditions but then rejected the offers of some buyers or corporations which were interested in purchasing General Motors majority stake. (Company’s report, 2009) I will first discuss this issue in detail in this paper using relevant frameworks such as PEST, Porter’s five forces, Core Competences and Financial Analysis for external and internal analysis respectively. I will then present SWOT analysis, Product-market expansion grid or Ansoff matrix and finally an analysis of key stakeholders of General Motors. The paper will be supported with relevant references, tables and charts. As I mentioned in the above section that General Motors offers Opel and Vauxhall as the major brands in Europe. Although the GM constantly developed, assembled and marketed new vehicles yet it was unable to earn respectable profits from its European operations due to uncertain economic climate that I will elaborate later. The end result was that GM announced its bankruptcy because of unbearable costs and also decided to either close or sell off its Opel/Vauxhall units to avoid further losses. It must not be forgotten that Gm Europe remain involved in restructuring in past to control mounting losses. The decision to sell off European Operations was

Jerusalem Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jerusalem - Research Paper Example Israel has been reported to introduce a crisis in the sewerage system and water management (Library Information and Research Service ‘a’ 347). Israel uses about 300 million liters of water daily while Palestine only has access to about 70 million liters of water daily. It has also been reported that to some extent, some Palestinians only have access to 20 liters of water daily. Moreover, West Bank and Gaza Palestinians do not have the authority to dig wells or own water tankers. Israel has also set quotas guiding the Palestinians on the amount of water they are supposed to draw from existing wells. While on the other hand Israel has put up swimming and green garden facilities (Chà ¢tel 38-142). Furthermore, despite the fact that Israel has access to about 3% of river Jordan as per the pre-1967 borders, Israel uses majority of the water. This is because it has blocked Palestine from gaining access to river Jordan by constructing National Water Carriers that divert approximately one quarter of the water Israel consumes. It has also been noted that Mekorot Israel Water Company closes down valves that supply water to Palestinians when the water supplies are low. This prevents Israel from being affected by the decrease in water supply. As if this is not enough Israel also steals water from the Palestinian West Bank water supply and sells it back to the Palestinian at an inflated rate. This is because there is no rule governing water production in Palestine (Shuval & Dwiek 163-197). Palestine also has access to water that is unhygienic as it is mixed with waste water and sewage. This is because Israel only allows about three of the 80 trucks which have spare parts to enter Gaza and West Bank a fact that has greatly contributed to the deteriorating quality of water that Palestinians have access to (Shuval & Dwiek 137). Thus one is left to wonder what rights Israel has to manage water crucially needed by the

WEEK 1 QUIZ 1 Essay Example for Free

WEEK 1 QUIZ 1 Essay 1.Question : Liberalism rests in a conception of equality whereby the government Student Answer: must not choose one person’s good over another. must ensure that we all have the same possessions. must provide everybody with healthcare. must redistribute wealth in order to achieve fairness. Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in the section â€Å"What Does Liberalism Mean in Practice?† Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 2.Question : American politics are rooted in Student Answer: the practice of negative liberty. redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor. competing interpretations of core American values. a need to avoid all conflict. Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in the section â€Å"American Politics are Rooted in Core American Values.† Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 3.Question : Jefferson justified American separation from Britain in the Declaration of Independence based on Student Answer: the majority of Americans who voted for it. the lack of American freedom under British rule. the Lockean idea of the right of the people to overthrow a government that fails to fulfill its obligations. the overtaxation of Americans by the Crown. Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in the section â€Å"Locke’s Influence on Jefferson.† Points Received: 0 of 1 Comments: Question 4.Question : Modern liberalism differs from classical liberalism because modern liberalism Student Answer: is associated with big government and large social programs. does not respect human agency as does classical liberalism. allows for arbitrary exercise of power and authority. does not respect property rights. Instructor Explanation:The answer can be found in the section â€Å"How Does Contemporary Liberalism Compare with Classical Liberalism?† Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 5.Question : Samuel P. Huntington defined â€Å"creedal passion periods† as periods when Americans Student Answer: demand redistribution. seek to find new values. return to first principles. demand smaller government. Instructor Explanation:The answer can be found in the section â€Å"The Importance of Constitutional Debates.† Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 6.Question : Colonists enjoyed rights under which documents following the Glorious Revolution of 1688? Student Answer: British Bill of Rights and Toleration Act Magna Carta and the Mayflower Compact Hobbes’s Leviathan and the Magna Carta John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government and the Toleration Act Instructor Explanation:  The answer can be found in the section â€Å"Colonial Assemblies.† Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 7.Question : Impeachment can be characterized as a Student Answer: sole responsibility of the Senate. shared function between the Senate and the Supreme Court. shared function between the House of Representative and the Senate. sole responsibility of the House of Representatives. Instructor Explanation:The answer can be found in the section â€Å"The Executive.† Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 8.Question : The Annapolis Convention was called to address Student Answer: the lack of authority to raise armies. the lack of authority to impose uniform commercial regulations among the states. the inability of the Continental Congress to pay revolutionary war veterans. the possibility of holding a convention in secret. Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in the section â€Å"Annapolis Convention.† Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 9.Question : The Federalists argued that a Bill of Rights was not necessary because Student Answer: all basic protections were contained in the Constitution. the anti-Federalists were being irrational. it impedes the authority of the government. it would take too long to ratify. Instructor Explanation:The answer can be found in the section â€Å"Federalists Versus Anti-Federalists.† Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 10.Question : The purpose of the Constitutional Convention was to Student Answer: create a new form of government. revise the Articles of Confederation. annul the Articles of Confederation. create a strong central government. Instructor Explanation:The answer can be found in the section â€Å"The Constitutional Convention† Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments:

South Beach Diet: The Healthy Low Carb Alternative :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

South Beach Diet: The Healthy Low Carb Alternative The South Beach Diet is a healthy alternative for promoting a healthy heart and lifestyle and for losing weight. Though often referred to as a low carbohydrate diet, South Beach does not endorse eating the unlimited fats and proteins that have become a signature criticism of the low carb diets. Instead, the diet was created with the intention of improving people’s cardiovascular health while also helping them to lose weight. The general concerns voiced about low carbohydrate diets do not apply to the South Beach Diet. The main criticism of the low-carbohydrate diets is that they allow unlimited consumption of fats and proteins, therefore putting people at a greater risk for heart disease. Although the South Beach Diet is often grouped in with other low-carbohydrate diets, Dr. Agatston, the diet’s creator, wants people to think of it as a healthy lifestyle, not a diet. To dispel any myths that this diet is unhealthy because it is viewed as a low-carb diet, let’s begin with a brief overview of what is and is not allowed on this diet. The South Beach Diet does begin with a strict two week phase of very few carbohydrates, excluding all bread, pasta, rice, and potatoes. As soon as the two week phase is over, people can begin reintroducing â€Å"good†carbs such as whole wheat bread and fruit that have nutritional value, like fiber, while still excluding the â€Å"bad† ca rbohydrates such as processed flour that has lost most of the natural nutrients. With the reduction in carbs, there is a higher consumption of proteins (they are included in just about every meal), but some protein rich foods such as fatty meats (for example, duck and chicken wings) are prohibited. This is because fatty meats contain higher levels of saturated fats, the â€Å"bad† fat that is linked to heart disease, which are avoided as much as possible. On the other hand, good sources of unsaturated fats such as nuts, fish, and olive oil are encouraged. The South Beach Diet is really about making better choices when eating, which includes choosing the right carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for a healthier heart. More important than the structure of the diet is why the diet originated.

Aspects of human behavior Essay

There are some aspects of human behavior and mental processes that would not be ethical to study even if the participants freely consented to be studied. Ethical standards with regard to experimentation are subject to governmental regulations where federal funding is apparent (Kornblum, pg. 41). The text lists 5 key ethical issues revolving around human psychological research, including: Freedom from coercion, informed consent, limited deception, adequate debriefing, and confidentiality (Lahay, pg. 48). According to Lahay, requirements for institutions conducting research include approval from a board of outside scientists (pg. 48). I believe there are certain aspects of behavior and mental processes that should not be studied even with the participant’s approval. Study of subjects that were involved with committing crimes would be at the top of the list. For example, a study involving naturalistic observation of a kleptomaniac in action seems to me as unethical practice. Whil e the observer is not taking part in the crime, he is not actively preventing it either. Furthermore, there may be a possibility that the said criminal’s need to steal is heightened due to the researcher’s requirement for consent. Another example of studying behavior or mental processes that may present itself unethical might involve studying children. Even though parental consent may be given the child would not necessarily have to be informed of the study. An example might be a study where a badly behaved child is seated next to a compliant child to see if the behaviors change. Regardless of the effect on the badly behaved child, the compliant child could quite possibly experience higher levels of stress or anxiety. I think that good example of not ethical experiment would be â€Å"little Albert.† John Watson, the founder of behaviorism, conducted an influential early study of generalization. Watson and Rosaline Rayner examined the generalization of condition fear in an 11 month old boy Albert. Like many babies Albert was initially unafraid of a white rat. Then the Watson and Rayner paired the presentation of the rat with a loud, starting sound. Albert did show fear in response the loud noise. Five days later, boy was exposed to other stimulus that resembled the rat in being white and furry. Albert’s fear response to other white, furry objects (rabbits, a dog). My opinion is that children should not be used in research. Another type of experiments, that I think are unethical, are Near-death experience – is the perception reported by a person who nearly died or who was clinically dead and revived. They are somewhat common, especially since the development of cardiac resuscitatation techniques. For example, in one, a woman accurately described a surgical instrument she had not seen previously, as well as conversation that occurred while she was clinically dead. I think that death or dieing is something that we as a human should not be involved in.

Quality Metal Service Essay

An overview of cost, profit, revenue, and investment centers Cost classification in accounting also involves the allocation of costs, revenues and responsibilities to various centres or departments. These centres include: == Cost centres == Revenue centres == Profit centres == Investment centres Cost Centres A cost centre (CC) is a unit, location or department where cost data is collected. The purpose of the cost centre is to collect, analyze and ascertain costs in its immediate context. Cost centres usually have cost units—units or equipment for which costs are determinable or attributable. Overheads and direct costs constitute the cost structure of a CC. Since many activities in an organisation involve costs, a cost centre is a fundamental aspect, especially as profit and investment centres can be cost centres. According to the ACCA Study Text (Management accounting, c 1999), cost centres can manifest themselves as a project, a machine, department or overhead costs. One should note that a specific cost centre might not necessarily have other functions. CCs are not limited to production and manufacturing, since they can also be attributed to service centres, like commercial bank branches for example. Revenue Centres These centres deal exclusively with revenue. Even though costs may arise from these areas, the revenue centre is not accountable for costs. Its purpose is primarily to maximise sales and revenue. Profit centre The profit centre addresses both costs and revenue. Therefore, the manager responsible for a profit centre is accountable for the purchases and sales for that unit, department or branch. Since both revenue and costs fall under the purview of the profit centre, it is both a cost and revenue centre, although a revenue centre is not a profit centre and a cost centre might not necessarily be a profit centre. Investment centres Investment centres are profit centres that are accountable for cost, revenues and net assets for capital investment. This unit is assessed by return on investment and is a cost centre. Managers in an investment centre are responsible for purchasing capital or non-current assets and making investment decisions with capital. Investment centres Investment centres are profit centres that are accountable for cost, revenues and net assets for capital investment. This unit is assessed by return on investment and is a cost centre. Managers in an investment centre are responsible for purchasing capital or non-current assets and making investment decisions with capital. Responsibility centres are the umbrella term for cost, profit, revenue and investment centres, since their performance is under the direct control of a manager. The cost centre concept is present in profit and investment centres. The profit centre can be stand alone or, with additional responsibilities, an investment centre. Revenue centres operate in a similar manner to cost and profit centres, but their managers are primarily responsible for maximizing revenues and sales. An accountant needs to know the different types of centres to understand the information needs and requirements of the managers of the various units. Responsibility Centres A responsibility centre is an organizational subsystem charged with a well-defined mission and headed by a manager accountable for the performance of the centre. â€Å"Responsibility centres constitute the primary building blocks for management control.† It is also the fundamental unit of analysis of a budget control system. Aresponsibility centre is an organization unit headed by a responsible manager. There are four major types of responsibility centres: cost centres,revenues centres, profit centres and investment centres. Cost Centre A cost centre is a responsibility centre in which manager is held responsible for controlling cost inputs. There are two general types of cost centres: engineered expense centres and discretionary expense centres. Engineered costs are usually expressed as standard costs. A discretionary expense centre is a responsibility centre whose budgetary performance is based on achieving its goals by operating within predetermined expense constraints set through managerial judgement or discretion. Revenue Centre A revenue centre is a responsibility centre whose budgetary performance is measured primarily by its ability to generate a specified level of revenue. Profit Centre In a profit centre, the budget measures the difference between revenues and costs. Investment Centre An investment centre is a responsibility centre whose budgetary performance is based on return on investment. The uses of responsibility centres depend to a great extent on the type of organization structure involved. Engineered cost centres, discretionary expense centre, and revenue centres are more often used with functional organization designs and with the function units in a matrix design. In contrast, with a divisional organization designs, it is possible use profit centres because the large divisions in such a structure usually have control over both the expenses and the revenues associated with profits.

Classical drama Essay Example

Classical drama Essay Example Classical drama Essay Classical drama Essay Andrew Davies always adapts for small screen, especially costume dramas or classical dramas. He converts a classical novel into a small screen production, and he always finds a sexual interest in things. When he is approached by a TV channel, the first thing he does is listens to the novel. Davies knows what the popular audiences are looking for. In Davies adaptation of A Room With A View, its being done in retrospect. He uses a frame where the storyline is contained. Davis completely brings the dates forward in this adaptation. Two time slots are being established. This is because Lucy finds herself in Florence, 1922, as a young war widow. As such, she is reliving (in her mind) her romance of 10 years previously (1912), when she first meets up with George Emerson. When Lucy is in Florence (1922), she visits the slopes of Fiesole, where she first met her deceased husband. The cab driver who drives her up the slopes is, coincidentally, the same cab driver who took her up the slopes 10 years previously, when she was accompanied with Charlotte, George, Mr Emerson, Mr Beebe, Mr Eager and Miss McLavish. Lucy and the cab driver get talking, which gives the viewer an idea that this is possibly the start of a new romance. The first establishing shot shows the bottom of Lucys skirt. Her skirt is much shorter, giving the impression that the date is somewhere in the 1920s. In Merchant Ivorys adaptation, the first establishing shot is accompanied with Puccinis music. In Davies adaptation, the music seems more sombre, as Lucy has just become a widow. The second establishing shot is in the Pensione Bertolini. The man, who is booking Lucy in, asked her if she has come alone. Lucy then immediately thinks back 10 years, to when Charlotte is complaining about the view. As Lucy and the man make their way upstairs, Lucy enters the room and has another flashback to when Lucy looks at the view. As it is a flashback, the lighting is much brighter, and as the characters speak, there is a small echo. Then, back in 1922, just as the hotel manager is about to throw open the shutters, Lucy stops him. This may be because she wanted to open the shutters herself, and remember what happened back in 1912. The dining room looks quite different in this adaptation, compared to the dining room in Merchant Ivorys adaptation. Here, there is only one table, whereas Merchant Ivory used several round tables. In Merchant Ivorys adaptation, it was quite easy for George and Lucy to make eye contact, as they were sitting directly opposite each other. However, Andrew Davies has made the seating position in his adaptation, so as Lucy and George cannot make eye contact without glimpsing over the top of other peoples heads. Charlotte begins complaining about the room without a view and Mr Emerson then offers to swap rooms. Charlotte refuses, which then leads Mr Emerson to get George to persuade her. This is when Lucy and George first make eye contact, and they continue to do so, throughout the meal. Whilst sitting at the dining table, Mr Beebe enters the film much earlier than in the Merchant Ivory production and in the book. This guarantees a bums on seats effect, which makes sure that the audience will not lose interest in the film. This bums on seats effect also happens in Merchant Ivorys version, except with the famous Judi Dench, who plays Miss Eleanor McLavish, author. The third establishing shot takes place after the meal in a room with several other hotel guests. Lucy makes a comment about most of the people being English. Charlotte replies by saying that they are there to look at Italy, not the Italians. This shows that Charlotte is quite insecure and she does not like moving forward; she is more a backward-looking character. George and Lucy also make eye contact several times again. In the Andrew Davies version, Charlotte tells Lucy to go and find Mr Beebe. Lucy makes her way over to find the cab driver, and yet again, she struggles with her Italian. She makes a hand gesture, which is in the shape of the cross. The second cab driver translates it as the good man, just as in the Merchant Ivory version. Lucy follows the cab driver, but she feels a bit insecure and asks him if hes going the right way. She continues to follow him, but then as he moves away the tree branch, she sees George standing there. Lucy begins to tell the cab driver that he misunderstood her, but he pushes her down the slope and she runs into Georges arms, and they kiss. The lighting effect is much brighter and the whole kiss is done in slow motion. Charlotte then appears, as she has been worried of Lucys whereabouts. She sees the two kissing, but she does not shout out Lucys name, like in the Merchant Ivory version. Both adaptations are different in the way certain scenes have been portrayed, but both show some sort of similarity to the original novel. Both Merchant Ivory and Andrew Davies portray certain things in different ways, but the main storyline has been kept the same.

Ionic Radius Trends in the Periodic Table

Ionic Radius Trends in the Periodic Table The ionic radius of the elements exhibits trends in the periodic table. In general: Ionic radius increases as you move from top to bottom on the periodic table.Ionic radius decreases as you move across the periodic table, from left to right. Although ionic radius and atomic radius do not mean exactly the same thing, the trend applies to atomic radius as well as to ionic radius. Key Takeaways: Ionic Radius Trend on Periodic Table The ionic radius is half the distance between atomic ions in a crystal lattice. To find the value, ions are treated as if they were hard spheres.The size of an elements ionic radius follows a predictable trend on the periodic table.As you move down a column or group, ionic radius increases. This is because each row adds a new electron shell.Ionic radius decreases moving from left to right across a row or period. More protons are added, but the outer valence shell remains the same, so the positively charged nucleus draws in the electrons more tightly. But, for the nonmetallic elements, ionic radius increases because there are more electrons than protons.While the atomic radius follows a similar trend, ions may be larger or smaller than neutral atoms. Ionic Radius and Group Why does radius increase with higher atomic numbers in a group? As you move down a group in the periodic table, additional layers of electrons are being added, which naturally causes the ionic radius to increase as you move down the periodic table. Ionic Radius and Period It might seem counterintuitive that the size of an ion would decrease as you add more protons, neutrons, and electrons in a period, yet, theres an explanation for this. As you move across a row of period of the periodic table, the ionic radius decreases for metals forming cations, as the metals lose their outer electron orbitals. The ionic radius increases for nonmetals as the effective nuclear charge decreases due to the number of electrons exceeding the number of protons. Ionic Radius and Atomic Radius The ionic radius is different from the atomic radius of an element. Positive ions are smaller than their uncharged atoms. Negative ions are larger than their neutral atoms. Sources Pauling, L. The Nature of the Chemical Bond. 3rd ed. Cornell University Press, 1960.Wasastjerna, J. A. On the radii of ions.  Comm. Phys.-Math., Soc. Sci. Fenn.  vol. 1, no. 38, pp. 1–25, 1923.

Impact and flexure tests on hampfibre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impact and flexure tests on hampfibre - Essay Example Before analyzing the given data, we must have a look at the basic preliminaries and definitions about the deformation, impact velocity, Hooke’s law and others, Deformation Deformation is the study in continuum mechanics which defines the transformation of an object (material) from its original (reference) shape to a newly adapted form. Deformation can be caused by the external stress (force) effects such as electromagnetic force, gravity, stress, strain and load or temperature. Impact velocity It is the relative measure of the velocity of one object to another in a very small transient time before the interaction of the two objects (interaction could be the result of applied force). In ideal scenario the velocity of the impacting object must not be reduced to 0 and it rarely happens in practical situations. velocity_(impact) = (m_1\vec v_(1f) + m2 vec v_(2f))/m_1 ~ Vec_v shows the velocity vector*. Hooke’s law Hooke’s law is a concept of classical mechanics which discusses the force needed to compress or extend the shape by an amount X (distance). Hooke’s law is also a measure of the deformation of solid bodies as long as deformation impact is small. It is also defined as the first order linear approximation or the material response studied in material science and material engineering (Bansal, 2010). Plastic region: Area under the stress-strain graph after bypassing which, the permanent change and deformation in a material starts occurring. This plastic region is shown in the stress strain graph as the highest point in the curve. Before plastic limit, there is an elastic limit under which the material does not deform itself but it remained confined in the actuality of its originality. However as soon as the elastic and the plastic limit is breached Plastic deformation take place in this deformation, upon uplifting the force and the load, the material does not regain its shape but it tends to adapt the newly deformed shape as the cons equence of the load applied to bring about the change of the shape. Stress: Any force applied in purpose to change the shape and objet and to make that object slide against its own structure. \Shear Stress: It is the force which attempts to deform an object by applying pressure on the surface of the object. Sress = Force/Area (i.e. force per unit area) Stress is not a vector. It is a tensor. Elastic Deformation: region in the stress-strain graph where the deformation take place in a transient mode. It means that the deformation in this region is temporary. Beyond this limit, the material experiences plastic deformation which is permanent. Figure #1 The above figure shows the effect of the impact velocity on the three shapes and different samples. The above figure shows that the impact velocity of the 30 degree conical and the 90 degree conical shape is nearly the same because of having a harmony in the shape (as both are conical). The next shape which is a hemispherical shape, the f igure shows that it has less impact of the relative impact velocity as compared to the rest of the figures. Because the hemisphere has a changed shape and surface as compared to the conical tip, it exhibits an elasto-plastic dynamic behavior under examination. This also relates with the hemispherical heavenly bodies and other cosmological objects who while colliding with each other do not cause any explosion or sudden disruption, but are slowly deformed resulting catastrophic vibration (seismic) activities. Figure # 2 This diagram shows the effect of the load variation and its results on the various samples of three different shapes. With the varying samples of these conical 30, conical 90 and hemispheres shapes the load is also being shown to be varying and gradually rising under the scenario of the change of the shapes. This shows that as the shapes change the ability to deform an object or bypassing its deforming threshold and the requirement of the force to perform this task var ies in accordance with the

Should China's neighbours be concerned that 21st century China will Essay

Should China's neighbours be concerned that 21st century China will revert to Middle Kingdom dominance over them based on Chin - Essay Example It is a country with a great vision and focus and while its neighbors term it as a small a nation, its upcoming dominance might shake the world. The world has been under the influence of the current super powers who reign on the basis of their world war two military prowess. Their dominance is based on past events and the mindset that other small countries are inferior in their cultures and forms of governance. But according Martin Jacques believe Europe and the United States will eventually watch as China rises to power while their dominance and influence declines (Martin, 2009, Pg. 99). China has set its eyes to greater achievements by mobilizing the entire nation to move as one family towards a common goal. With great development policies the economy of China has been on the record in the past decades for its significant growth. It employs different mechanisms that are very outstanding and free from Western influence. Though the Western countries still relate the country to its pa st failures in terms of lack of their style of democracy, poor standards of environment conservation and tribal affiliations, China has picked herself from its past inequities to a more transformed nation. But their attitudes have diverted the Western nations understanding of China in its real present terms. Most of these powerful countries don’t believe that China will economic growth would last at all. The history of its past regimes failing to sustain the country is their point of judging the current regime. But over the past thirty years they Chinas leaders have all a common objective of steering the country to greater economical heights (Wang, 2003, Pg.122). Political regimes in these years have without been the most successful in the history of china. Therefore China now boasts of the greatest achievements in the recent times. The diversity and racial distribution in this populous nation is quite big and more unified than any other powerful nation. China looks at itself as a civilized nation other than influenced nation state. There is a closely knit tie that makes the society and the state a due to their attachment in their worship of ancestral ways (Brodsgaard, 1998 Pg. 88). Their traditions, Chinese foods and their unifying language give every citizen a sense of belonging in this country. This cohesion has been its source of development force over the years. China strives to empower every citizen despite of their race, culture or even religious affiliation. The country’s identity has been modeled by its history as a civilized state in terms of their way of thinking, identity and culture. Other powerful countries on the contrary have based their national identity on the past eras. This is evident in their ways of leadership and governance systems which have at most times divided their citizens in terms of inferiority. Such governance experiences a lot of opposition from their citizens. The luck of a united stand of these superpowers will be the source of their downfall in the near future as China braces itself to take over the world (Martin, 2009, Pg. 120). The United States and Europe have never given China a thought of taking over the world since they rule under the mediocrity of past WWII ideologies. But to their surprise the economic and technological advance of China will be the start of their downfall. China has for years improved its ties with other countries through trade and continued mutual